tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-13167595830179303612024-03-17T09:06:37.587-07:00Diabetes-avenue
Diabetes, originating from the Greek word signifying 'passing through,' denotes conditions characterized by frequent and excessive thirst and urination. The term "Mellitus," derived from Latin and translating to 'honey sweet,' is linked with diabetes. Two main types exist—type 1 and type 2—and although both are experiencing an increase, they show unique patterns of rise and follow diverse trajectories toward serious consequences.Unknownnoreply@blogger.comBlogger138125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1316759583017930361.post-33936298052668326082024-03-07T09:21:00.000-08:002024-03-07T09:21:34.792-08:00Understanding Severe Insulin-Deficient Diabetes (SIDD)Severe insulin-deficient diabetes (SIDD) is a subtype of diabetes mellitus characterized by a significant lack of insulin production, leading to severe metabolic dysregulation. It stands out within the spectrum of diabetes due to its distinct pathophysiological mechanisms and clinical features. Despite its relatively lower prevalence compared to other forms of diabetes, SIDD poses significant health risks and requires tailored management approaches to mitigate complications effectively.<br /><br />SIDD can arise from a complex interplay of genetic predisposition, autoimmune responses targeting pancreatic beta cells, environmental triggers, and lifestyle factors. Genetic susceptibility plays a crucial role, with certain gene variants predisposing individuals to impaired insulin secretion. Moreover, autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells, akin to type 1 diabetes, contributes to the development of SIDD. Environmental factors such as viral infections or exposure to certain toxins may also trigger the onset of SIDD. Lifestyle factors, including sedentary behavior, unhealthy dietary habits, and obesity, further exacerbate insulin deficiency and insulin resistance, accelerating disease progression.<br /><br />The clinical presentation of SIDD encompasses a spectrum of symptoms reflecting severe metabolic disturbances. Hyperglycemia, characterized by elevated blood glucose levels, is a hallmark feature. Polyuria, excessive urination resulting from the kidneys' attempt to eliminate excess glucose, and polydipsia, intense thirst due to fluid loss, are commonly observed. Additionally, patients often experience unexplained weight loss despite increased food intake, reflecting the catabolic state induced by insulin deficiency. In severe cases, ketoacidosis may occur, marked by the accumulation of ketone bodies in the blood, leading to metabolic acidosis and potentially life-threatening complications.<br /><br />In conclusion, understanding the intricacies of severe insulin-deficient diabetes is vital for effective management and prevention of its complications. By delineating its causes, risk factors, and clinical manifestations, healthcare professionals can tailor interventions to address the specific needs of <i>individuals with SIDD, ultimately improving outcomes and quality of life.<br />Understanding Severe Insulin-Deficient Diabetes (SIDD)</i>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1316759583017930361.post-57868155708008997382024-02-19T21:47:00.000-08:002024-02-19T21:47:22.456-08:00Vitamin D Deficiency in Diabetes Type IIVitamin D insufficiency has emerged as a notable contributor to the onset and control of type II diabetes, revealing a plausible connection between the two conditions. Significantly, Vitamin D plays a crucial role in regulating optimal blood insulin levels, with its receptors present in the pancreas, the key site for insulin synthesis, emphasizing its significance in glucose metabolism. Preliminary investigations suggest that supplementing with Vitamin D could potentially augment insulin secretion in those diagnosed with adult-onset diabetes.<br /><br />Moreover, studies have pinpointed that a shortage of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, an active form of Vitamin D, impedes pancreatic insulin release. This hindrance persists regardless of serum calcium levels being within the normal range, underscoring the direct influence of Vitamin D on insulin synthesis. Diabetes, characterized by persistent hyperglycemia, manifests primarily in two forms: type I and type II.<br /><br />Type I diabetes necessitates insulin administration due to the autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells, resulting in an absolute deficiency of insulin. Conversely, type II diabetes presents a spectrum of insulin usage variability, stemming from both compromised insulin secretion and resistance in target tissues like muscles, adipose cells, and the liver. Recent research illuminates Vitamin D's role in facilitating insulin release from the pancreas.<br /><br />Comprehending the intricate interplay between Vitamin D insufficiency and type II diabetes emphasizes the significance of addressing nutritional aspects in managing diabetes. Furthermore, these findings underscore the potential therapeutic avenues of Vitamin D supplementation in ameliorating insulin secretion and glycemic regulation among individuals with type II diabetes. Continued research in this domain holds promise for devising targeted interventions to alleviate the global burden of diabetes.<br /><i>Vitamin D Deficiency in Diabetes Type II</i>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1316759583017930361.post-36167393683206630952024-02-02T20:40:00.000-08:002024-02-02T21:04:06.669-08:00What is Maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY)?Maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY) is a less prevalent type of diabetes primarily characterized by its genetic basis and early onset, typically manifesting before the age of 25. In contrast to more common diabetes types like Type 1 and Type 2, where a combination of genetic and environmental factors often plays a role, MODY is chiefly linked to mutations in specific genes.<br /><br />Inheriting MODY follows an autosomal dominant pattern, indicating that the development of the condition requires obtaining only one copy of the mutated gene from either parent. This hereditary trait sets MODY apart from other diabetes forms.<br /><br />The genetic alterations linked to MODY impact the functionality of pancreatic beta cells, essential for regulating blood sugar levels through insulin production. The malfunction of these cells leads to persistent hyperglycemia, a core characteristic of diabetes.<br /><br />Diagnosing MODY involves genetic testing to identify the specific gene mutations associated with the condition. This differentiation from other diabetes types enables more precise and targeted management approaches.<br /><i>What is Maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY)?<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjf2WZsEU384DK84C57uPfMmDiyPI6DRpfhSqNAMdNcilWCS9n7RZr4eWlNnmnVGx0LSFDFDEW1XzBuw9XFL0_E2xG1Tax8gf4MIlQDMeJCB-GBQAA-cZjD7QvE1DQV4RZjahfbzMIoD3Id4YtwQjyAYSPzVNpFwfCk2p73u5fvzgtrZqsqtlaIO_0HiiM/s349/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="349" data-original-width="329" height="385" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjf2WZsEU384DK84C57uPfMmDiyPI6DRpfhSqNAMdNcilWCS9n7RZr4eWlNnmnVGx0LSFDFDEW1XzBuw9XFL0_E2xG1Tax8gf4MIlQDMeJCB-GBQAA-cZjD7QvE1DQV4RZjahfbzMIoD3Id4YtwQjyAYSPzVNpFwfCk2p73u5fvzgtrZqsqtlaIO_0HiiM/w363-h385/1.jpg" width="363" /></a></div></i>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1316759583017930361.post-43199972143930674272024-02-02T20:31:00.000-08:002024-02-02T20:31:53.680-08:00Understanding MODY: A Unique Form of DiabetesMaturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY) is a rare form of diabetes characterized by its genetic basis and early onset. Its significance in diabetes research lies in its potential to unravel crucial insights into the complex landscape of diabetes and its various subtypes.<br /><br />MODY is distinctively rooted in genetics, with mutations in specific genes contributing to its development. Unlike more common forms of diabetes, MODY often manifests at a young age, typically before the age of 25. Diagnosis involves genetic testing, distinguishing it from other types of diabetes.<br /><br />There are several subtypes of MODY, each associated with specific genetic mutations. The prevalence of MODY varies, and certain subtypes may be more prevalent in specific populations. Understanding these genetic nuances is crucial for accurate diagnosis and effective management.<br /><br />MODY exhibits unique symptoms, including persistent hyperglycemia, but its clinical presentation may differ from other forms of diabetes. Complications, though less common than in other types of diabetes, can still arise, emphasizing the importance of early detection and intervention.<br /><br />Treatment for MODY involves a combination of medication and lifestyle interventions. Unlike some forms of diabetes, individuals with MODY may respond well to certain oral medications. Long-term prognosis is generally favorable, and with proper management, individuals with MODY can lead healthy lives.<br /><i>Understanding MODY: A Unique Form of Diabetes</i>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1316759583017930361.post-43092697526401711772024-01-22T21:12:00.000-08:002024-01-22T21:14:08.808-08:00Fructose and Diabetes AdviceFructose, a monosaccharide abundant in nature, distinguishes itself as the most naturally sweet carbohydrate. Its passage from the intestines to the liver occurs at a relatively slower pace, preventing the release of insulin from the pancreas.<br /><br />The intestinal mucosa does not actively absorb fructose; instead, it undergoes a gradual and incomplete absorption through facilitated diffusion. In the liver, fructose converts into glucose, which enters the bloodstream. Additionally, fructose transforms into glycogen, lactate, and to a limited extent, triglyceride.<br /><br />Despite the time-consuming nature of this process and its consistent impact on sugar levels compared to sucrose, doctors have historically endorsed the use of natural fructose by diabetic patients as a sweetener. However, excessive fructose intake can lead to increased body fat and elevated blood glucose due to the stimulation of glucose production in the liver.<br /><br />Encouraging obese adult diabetics to avoid unnecessary calories poses a challenge for doctors. Since fructose, with its calorie content equivalent to sugar, is widely perceived as a concern rather than a solution, the recommendation is to refrain from using added fructose as a sweetening agent in the diabetic diet.<br /><br />Nevertheless, there is no obligation to avoid naturally occurring fructose in fruits and vegetables, as it constitutes a modest proportion of energy intake, typically around 3-4%.<br /><i>Fructose and Diabetes Advice<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjO_78-MlfSLr6NttQjRdSVTHsyhHUnPQztVGTkMBL2m4BKQZBztbQMY9RxrOHPwPQU9e8j8aDaW-OyCoDMHNEsdPeXuujNKSFQXdwWV-TY9y2U1STijv9H3Lk0u6tIRz1Iusub_TW0DD1W7xS88_P8xAUivBwWADPEOAu1MpvmEur4YwRhRwjSi9g3Gvg/s640/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="360" data-original-width="640" height="252" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjO_78-MlfSLr6NttQjRdSVTHsyhHUnPQztVGTkMBL2m4BKQZBztbQMY9RxrOHPwPQU9e8j8aDaW-OyCoDMHNEsdPeXuujNKSFQXdwWV-TY9y2U1STijv9H3Lk0u6tIRz1Iusub_TW0DD1W7xS88_P8xAUivBwWADPEOAu1MpvmEur4YwRhRwjSi9g3Gvg/w448-h252/1.jpg" width="448" /></a></div></i>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1316759583017930361.post-6701348732142084032023-12-19T05:19:00.000-08:002023-12-19T05:19:19.128-08:00Mango Health Benefits: It can fight against diabeticThe mango, originating from the Mangifera tree, encompasses around 30 species of tropical fruiting trees, with the scientific classification Mangifera indica. Whether consumed in its raw or ripe state, mango holds cultural significance as the national tree of Bangladesh, and it is recognized as the national fruit of India, Pakistan, and the Philippines.<br /><br />The therapeutic attributes found in mango are potentially attributed to the presence of phenolic acids, which exhibit robust antioxidant properties. These compounds play a crucial role in safeguarding body tissues from oxidative stress, offering benefits such as anti-diabetic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antilithiatic, and anticarcinogenic effects.<br /><br />Mangoes have exhibited glucose-lowering effects, possibly attributed to the combination of fiber, vitamins, minerals, and other bioactive compounds. Among the diverse chemical components in mango, mangiferin emerges as a significant contributor to its anti-diabetic activity. Present in notable quantities in mango seeds (0.42 mg/kg), peel (1690.4 mg/kg), and pulp (4.4 mg/kg), mangiferin is believed to possess hypoglycemic properties.<br /><br />Recognized as a xanthone with potent antioxidative capabilities, mangiferin inhibits sucrase, isomaltase, and maltase enzymes, consequently reducing glucose absorption in the intestines. The inclusion of dietary fiber in mango further contributes to lowering carbohydrate digestion and diminishing glucose absorption.<br /><br />Beyond the fruit itself, various parts of the mango plant, including the flesh, leaves, and stem-bark, have been reported to exhibit anti-diabetic, antilithiatic, and free radical scavenging properties. Mango leaves, in particular, have been identified as beneficial for enhancing insulin production and glucose distribution, thereby assisting in stabilizing blood sugar levels. Loaded with pectin, vitamin C, and fiber, mango leaves offer a combined advantage for individuals managing both diabetes and cholesterol.<br /><i>Mango Health Benefits: It can fight against diabetic<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhn-IPq0UD7vb2QZFjmROUPlLZJaP5LMEvzar9ThryUYbwHVQf-oXZ_mDVDnV1k9L7XxaIE49mog5oFHaU6WNrDddZHMwsY18Jouk4w3ApOel4jhuBlJutd0ynXBfJzOO-tG17i9YOfZC-ESwXE7NQzDI4NMjX28yCMB3gi7Mmwd4MOlxqRihWSfT_71Zw/s990/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="761" data-original-width="990" height="304" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhn-IPq0UD7vb2QZFjmROUPlLZJaP5LMEvzar9ThryUYbwHVQf-oXZ_mDVDnV1k9L7XxaIE49mog5oFHaU6WNrDddZHMwsY18Jouk4w3ApOel4jhuBlJutd0ynXBfJzOO-tG17i9YOfZC-ESwXE7NQzDI4NMjX28yCMB3gi7Mmwd4MOlxqRihWSfT_71Zw/w395-h304/1.jpg" width="395" /></a></div></i>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1316759583017930361.post-61508142864237702202023-08-03T06:55:00.002-07:002023-08-03T06:55:08.826-07:00Diabetic Nephropathy PathogenesisThe concept of pathogenesis entails the mechanism through which an infection gives rise to the onset of a disease. In the scenario of diabetic nephropathy, this process is initiated and sustained by four core factors, broadly categorized as metabolic, hemodynamic, growth, and proinflammatory or profibrotic components.<br /><br />These causative factors lead to abnormalities within various sections of the kidney, including glomeruli, tubules, interstitium, and vasculature.<br /><br />Prolonged diabetes mellitus duration, inadequate blood sugar level control, and unaddressed hypertension are influential risk factors for the development of diabetic nephropathy. In a similar vein, a familial history of hypertension and cardiovascular incidents among immediate relatives also significantly heightens the risk of diabetic nephropathy. Contributing to this picture, factors like obesity, smoking, and hyperlipidemia enhance susceptibility to diabetic nephropathy. The cumulative presence of these risk factors, coupled with familial tendencies, suggests the potential implication of genetic factors.<br /><br />During its initial stages, diabetic nephropathy doesn't present overt symptoms. The earliest sign emerges from persistent microalbuminuria. Over time, most untreated patients eventually experience hypertension and varying degrees of fluid retention.<br /><br />In more advanced stages, patients might show uremia symptoms (e.g., nausea, vomiting, reduced appetite) earlier (i.e., at a higher glomerular filtration rate [GFR]) than those unaffected by diabetic nephropathy. This phenomenon could arise from the combined impact of diabetes-induced organ damage (e.g., neuropathy) and renal dysfunction, exacerbating the symptoms.<br /><br />The progression of diabetic nephropathy encompasses multiple clinical phases: hyperfiltration, microalbuminuria, macroalbuminuria, nephrotic proteinuria, progressive chronic kidney disease, ultimately culminating in end-stage renal disease (ESRD).<br /><br />Damage occurs across all parts of the kidney: the glomerulus, renal tubules, vasculature (including afferent and efferent renal arterioles), and the interstitium.<br /><i>Diabetic Nephropathy Pathogenesis<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDs6LhNXjWIUEdvbu6apw2LGRFGHM1xN7KHOx2bqt3Tzf_4A2_hnsYxqBVTuFidSqCNN99QJ8cSJuRrxaGPJ256W9Uuk9h4nWZaS-jKaeOyAHQik8Ni2yUa-ze53SZfNPyn0sOCBqKtAXXXDU6BZkDf5B53WOOQk1ZbcvWrBTXuvgTF9qGy-8gdUQpS1w/s458/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="369" data-original-width="458" height="323" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDs6LhNXjWIUEdvbu6apw2LGRFGHM1xN7KHOx2bqt3Tzf_4A2_hnsYxqBVTuFidSqCNN99QJ8cSJuRrxaGPJ256W9Uuk9h4nWZaS-jKaeOyAHQik8Ni2yUa-ze53SZfNPyn0sOCBqKtAXXXDU6BZkDf5B53WOOQk1ZbcvWrBTXuvgTF9qGy-8gdUQpS1w/w401-h323/1.jpg" width="401" /></a></div></i>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1316759583017930361.post-61696996882739832382023-07-08T18:55:00.004-07:002023-07-08T18:55:27.372-07:00Metformin for diabetes treatment Metformin is a medication prescribed to treat type 2 diabetes and gestational diabetes, and it is also recommended for individuals at a high risk of developing type 2 diabetes to prevent its occurrence.<br /><br />Type 2 diabetes is a condition where the body either resists the effects of insulin or doesn't produce enough insulin, leading to elevated blood glucose levels and hyperglycemia. Metformin is administered alongside a balanced diet, exercise program, and sometimes in combination with other medications, to effectively manage high blood sugar levels.<br /><br />Metformin is classified as an antihyperglycemic drug because it reduces glucose concentrations in the blood. It is commonly known as an "insulin sensitizer" as it helps decrease insulin resistance, resulting in a significant decrease in fasting insulin levels.<br /><br />By maintaining optimal blood sugar levels with the help of metformin, complications associated with diabetes such as kidney damage, vision problems, nerve damage, limb amputation, and sexual dysfunction can be prevented.<br /><br />Furthermore, metformin has been found to reduce the risk of developing dementia, a condition that individuals with type 2 diabetes are susceptible to. Alzheimer's disease, which accounts for the majority of dementia cases (estimated at 60 to 80 percent), is particularly prevalent in this population, as highlighted by the Alzheimer's Association.<br /><br />Additionally, metformin may aid in managing blood sugar levels in type 1 diabetes, the second most common type of diabetes, especially in individuals who are overweight or obese. Type 1 diabetes is a chronic condition characterized by insufficient or no production of insulin by the pancreas, which is necessary for regulating blood glucose levels.<br /><i>Metformin for diabetes treatment<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWe87kaFErCX42Y8l1I-ZR6kmD3BDCpnl3glwF8qfZxXvyw41MDZ_LXZfnHmxL6hmxtvxyqrz6aaSHWe3L8JSeq1nUAV-RPqVAqkzOGUvnLoecoALPsVO5-vPbOOYRrpIFpjqh1rOgcHQ9hqFRMicJDvXWFOCiY-0ZEy0nEcWfGDqI6dbNe9MaFsLKq5U/s782/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="511" data-original-width="782" height="287" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWe87kaFErCX42Y8l1I-ZR6kmD3BDCpnl3glwF8qfZxXvyw41MDZ_LXZfnHmxL6hmxtvxyqrz6aaSHWe3L8JSeq1nUAV-RPqVAqkzOGUvnLoecoALPsVO5-vPbOOYRrpIFpjqh1rOgcHQ9hqFRMicJDvXWFOCiY-0ZEy0nEcWfGDqI6dbNe9MaFsLKq5U/w440-h287/1.jpg" width="440" /></a></div> </i>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1316759583017930361.post-25995897625078417512023-06-14T19:51:00.006-07:002023-06-14T19:51:47.557-07:00Diabetic neuropathyDiabetic neuropathies are defined by “the presence of symptoms and/ or signs of peripheral and autonomic nerve dysfunction in people with diabetes after the exclusion of other causes”. <br /><br />Diabetic neuropathies are a family of nerve disorders caused by diabetes. Diabetic neuropathies are the most common chronic complications of diabetes, with an estimated lifetime prevalence exceeding 50% in people with diabetes. <br /><br />People with diabetes can develop nerve problems at any time, but risk rises with age and longer duration of diabetes. <br /><br />The highest rates of neuropathy are among people who have had diabetes for at least 25 years. Diabetic neuropathies also appear to be more common in people who have problems controlling their blood glucose, also called blood sugar, as well as those with high levels of blood fat and blood pressure and those who are overweight. Current studies also suggest that the risk factors for diabetic neuropathy are the duration of diabetes, age, glycosylated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), diabetic retinopathy (DR), smoking, and body mass Index (BMI). <br /><br />The first diabetic neuropathies classification was suggested by Leyden (1893) who subdivided it in sensory and motor manifestations. Jordon and Crabtree (1935) in turn, were the first to mention pathophysiologic diabetic neuropathies mechanisms. <br /><br />The most typical form of diabetic neuropathy is a chronic, distal (length-dependent) symmetrical polyneuropathy (DSPN) that accounts for about 75% of cases. <br /><br />Nerve damage is likely due to a combination of factors:<br /> metabolic factors, such as high blood glucose, long duration of diabetes, abnormal blood fat levels, and possibly low levels of insulin<br /> Vitamin deficiencies, particularly B vitamins<br /> neurovascular factors, leading to damage to the blood vessels that carry oxygen and nutrients to nerves<br /> Autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis and lupus, in which body immune system attacks its own tissues<br /> mechanical injury to nerves, such as carpal tunnel syndrome<br /> inherited traits that increase susceptibility to nerve disease<br /> lifestyle factors, such as smoking or alcohol use<br /> Family history of neuropathy <br /><br />Diabetic neuropathy is a highly prevalent condition that substantially affects patients by increasing falls, causing pain and reducing quality of life. Some people with nerve damage have no symptoms at all. For others, the first symptom is often numbness, tingling, or pain in the feet. <br /><br />Symptoms are often minor at first, and because most nerve damage occurs over several years, mild cases may go unnoticed for a long time. <br /><br />Diabetic neuropathy is a unique neurodegenerative disorder of the peripheral nervous system that preferentially targets sensory axons, autonomic axons and later, to a lesser extent, motor axons. In some people, mainly those with focal neuropathy, the onset of pain may be sudden and severe.<br /><b>Diabetic neuropathy<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgv2Oj7o3WCnfUWatEe4L1di9H1NKGemkm9yzm3sDHW8_0TFNefloyIzo4E0QlM3fP3wi922KWc8Q63HCZjXZz6iN-0U-Us5zZcIPTFZ45ExUZFXxtLQDUoTwpx-TN_ruF7tGj5e9ZvFO-nwAczR9Rw6LhSA9JRG0ezBaQIYoIrhSinQPGwQUUuklqQ/s758/2023-06-15.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="733" data-original-width="758" height="454" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgv2Oj7o3WCnfUWatEe4L1di9H1NKGemkm9yzm3sDHW8_0TFNefloyIzo4E0QlM3fP3wi922KWc8Q63HCZjXZz6iN-0U-Us5zZcIPTFZ45ExUZFXxtLQDUoTwpx-TN_ruF7tGj5e9ZvFO-nwAczR9Rw6LhSA9JRG0ezBaQIYoIrhSinQPGwQUUuklqQ/w470-h454/2023-06-15.png" width="470" /></a></div></b>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1316759583017930361.post-75516757105109180232023-05-12T22:17:00.006-07:002023-05-12T22:17:52.563-07:00Complications of diabetesIrrespective of its types(type 1 and type 2) it can cause irreversible damage or complications if not checked in time. <br /><br />The complication of diabetes mellitus can divided into two main types the microvascular complication that effected on small vascular in each of retinal, peripheral nerve and kidney that lead to retinopathy, neuropathy and nephropathy disease respectively. And macrovascular complication that effected on large vascular including Peripheral Artery Disease, Coronary Artery Disease and Cerebrovascular disease. <br /><br /><i><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Retinopathy</span></i>: A microvascular condition that may affect each of the peripheral retina, macula, or both is characterized by diabetic retinopathy is a serious cause of vision loss and blindness in diabetics. <br /><br /><i><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Neuropathy</span></i>: Nephropathy is the leading cause of chronic renal failure, the initial marker being microalbuminuria. It is the one of the most common diabetes complications, nerve damage can cause numbness and pain. Nerve damage most often affects the feet and legs but can also affect digestion process, blood vessels, and heart. <br /><br /><i><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Nephropathy</span></i>: The kidneys hold millions of tiny blood vessel clusters (glomeruli) that filter waste from the blood. Diabetes can damage this delicate filtering system. Nephropathy is a chronic complication characterized by increased urinary albumin excretion (Proteinuria) or reduced kidney glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in both forms of diabetic mellitus, T1DM and T2DM. <br /><br /><i><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Diabetic myonecrosis</span></i>: Diabetic myonecrosis is a rare complication associated with poorly controlled diabetes and advanced microvascular disease. Diabetic muscle infarction is usually unilateral and affects the lower limbs. The most commonly affected muscles are quadriceps, hip adductors, and hamstrings <br /><br /><i><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Coronary artery disease</span></i> (CAD): Diabetes majorly increases the risk of many heart problems. These can include coronary artery disease with chest pain (angina), heart attack, stroke and narrowing of arteries (atherosclerosis). More than 3 out of 4 diabetic patients die of causes related to atherosclerosis and in most cases (75%) because of CAD. Type 2 DM increases the risk of CAD by 2-4 times in the overall population. <br /><br /><i><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Peripheral vascular disease (</span></i>PVD): PVD also known as peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is an occlusive disease of the large peripheral arteries (especially of the legs) excluding the coronary and intracranial vessels, primarily caused by atherosclerosis. <br /><br /><i><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Cerebrovascular events</span></i> (CVA): Cerebrovascular diseases such as stroke, transient ischaemic attack(TIA) are more common in people with diabetes, it is three times more common in those with diabetes.<br /><b>Complications of diabetes<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgENBWLtFaGmb79XS5hnuvopJ4SC-hSXpi1aL6JKQSw9n3e3FQQJjaG_NFh5sCymgSrbhwyAaTjd4E_l4vDvTyfdDHW2YLmV4g5QFQUmyddv65iRcMlTZDl4vOa3FFJAKKXrbEQCIEwKam-4CRQblR41Zp1P6JwwxOF6yO-PX0scz9BW-D7AjbM3Iqj/s730/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="730" data-original-width="596" height="437" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgENBWLtFaGmb79XS5hnuvopJ4SC-hSXpi1aL6JKQSw9n3e3FQQJjaG_NFh5sCymgSrbhwyAaTjd4E_l4vDvTyfdDHW2YLmV4g5QFQUmyddv65iRcMlTZDl4vOa3FFJAKKXrbEQCIEwKam-4CRQblR41Zp1P6JwwxOF6yO-PX0scz9BW-D7AjbM3Iqj/w357-h437/1.jpg" width="357" /></a></div></b>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1316759583017930361.post-51683729329783385792023-04-17T19:45:00.002-07:002023-04-17T19:45:25.432-07:00Postabsorptive/Fasting hypoglycemiaTwo types of hypoglycemia can occur in people who do not have diabetes:<br />• Reactive hypoglycemia, also called Postprandial hypoglycemia, occurs within 4 hours after meals.<br />• Fasting hypoglycemia, also called postabsorptive hypoglycemia, is often related to an underlying disease. <br /><br />This classification was based on the assumption that fasting hypoglycemia is caused by organic pathologies presenting mostly with neuroglycopenic symptoms and reactive hypoglycemia arises from functional disorder presenting mostly with autonomic features. <br /><br />Fasting hypoglycemia is defined as the inability to maintain glucose homeostasis in the postabsorptive, or fasting, state: An example is an insulinoma, an insulin secreting tumor of the islets of Langerhans. <br /><br />Postabsorptive hypoglycemia occurs when both glucagon and epinephrine are deficient, but not when either glucagon or epinephrine alone is deficient, and insulin is present. <br /><br />Fasting hypoglycemia occurring several (>5 h) hours after food, e.g., on waking or at night, or precipitated by prolonged fasting or exercise in the postabsorptive period. <br /><br />Symptoms of both reactive and fasting hypoglycemia are similar to diabetes-related hypoglycemia. Symptoms may include hunger, sweating, shakiness, dizziness, light-headedness, sleepiness, confusion, difficulty speaking, anxiety, and weakness. <br /><br />Causes of fasting hypoglycemia include certain medications, alcoholic beverages, critical illnesses, hormonal deficiencies, some kinds of tumors, and certain conditions occurring in infancy and childhood.<br /><b>Postabsorptive/Fasting hypoglycemia<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgN1A7O2inCjeudoNsNj1e2CMCVgH7BxH6b0LNSE2IySsJff6vHDHbMtanaoSogd5mnhn-lGrexltZczFEqYCFtgVtCfrMJWhnLWqfgIcamsGsB0-Uo-EzA2XsmR82mGHcDNKecQfj9glu7NMuJgUiM4GqSSlytev2fPf7NbM9z6JPaegQjbZFTQ98t/s976/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="248" data-original-width="976" height="126" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgN1A7O2inCjeudoNsNj1e2CMCVgH7BxH6b0LNSE2IySsJff6vHDHbMtanaoSogd5mnhn-lGrexltZczFEqYCFtgVtCfrMJWhnLWqfgIcamsGsB0-Uo-EzA2XsmR82mGHcDNKecQfj9glu7NMuJgUiM4GqSSlytev2fPf7NbM9z6JPaegQjbZFTQ98t/w498-h126/1.jpg" width="498" /></a></div></b>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1316759583017930361.post-87885171977282780412023-03-07T20:06:00.001-08:002023-03-07T20:06:09.045-08:00Cluster 1: Severe autoimmune diabetesAutoimmune disease occurs because the body’s natural defenses — the immune system — attack the body’s own healthy tissue. <br /><br />Autoimmune diabetes is an organ-specific autoimmune disease that caused by an autoimmune process in the body that mistakenly destroys the insulin-producing cells, or pancreatic β-cells and after an inflammatory process leads to a chronic deficiency of insulin in genetically susceptible individuals. Cytokines such as interleukin-1, released by activated immune cells, have been shown to inhibit insulin secretion from pancreatic β-cells and cause islet destruction. <br /><br />There may be some β-cells re-formation (by cell division or by new cell formation) that replaces the destroyed cells. But over the years, the net destruction is greater than the replacement. <br /><br />When the number of β-cells is reduced by approximately 80%, the body is unable to secrete enough insulin, the blood sugar rises and clinical diabetes is diagnosed. <br /><br />People with Severe autoimmune diabetes are typically diagnosed early, at a young age. They usually have a low body mass index (BMI), insulin deficiency, poor control of blood sugar, and presence of glutamate decarboxylase antibodies (GADA). <br /><br />The clinical manifestation (i.e., hyperglycemia) represents the final stage of insulitis (i.e., inflammation in pancreatic islets). The exact cause is unknown, but it is believed to be the result of an interaction of genetic and environmental factors. A patient needs insulin replacement to survive and, except in cases where a pancreatic or islet cell transplant occurs, insulin will be required every day for the rest of their life.<br /><b>Cluster 1: Severe autoimmune diabetes<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRt9Z8u-1SbkgX-sCF6CejX3M_PtybXhTcF_pLCXc-irFisRmJLzabANot4qTj1bZ0sA5Os3UwKkoPmFVRA_tHi4Cr7rjQCQerRkNTXln0pE0tGkDqwaBjcsVzLn1yka_p33v10E5I7zvOzAvHGgBTJAfLf3iNZhufSMDFoPSVuCmM8kAmwk-YPBLu/s976/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="549" data-original-width="976" height="285" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRt9Z8u-1SbkgX-sCF6CejX3M_PtybXhTcF_pLCXc-irFisRmJLzabANot4qTj1bZ0sA5Os3UwKkoPmFVRA_tHi4Cr7rjQCQerRkNTXln0pE0tGkDqwaBjcsVzLn1yka_p33v10E5I7zvOzAvHGgBTJAfLf3iNZhufSMDFoPSVuCmM8kAmwk-YPBLu/w507-h285/1.jpg" width="507" /></a></div></b>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1316759583017930361.post-56451709176155410532023-02-02T04:54:00.003-08:002023-02-02T04:54:23.119-08:00Bay leaves and diabetesBay leaf is a nutritious herb that imparts excellent flavor and taste to the food with various health benefits. Bay leaves belong to the Lauraceae family. Bay leaf is a spice commonly used to flavor soups and meat dishes for its light, herbal flavor. <br /><br />Bay leaf is a good source of vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin B6, calcium, iron, and manganese. It is so versatile that adding its leaf to the foods helps treat diabetes and prevents digestive disorders. Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disorder of glucose metabolism resulting from dysfunction of pancreatic beta cells and insulin resistance. The incidence of cardiovascular diseases is increased two- to four-fold in people with type 2 diabetes. <br /><br />Bay leaves reduced serum glucose, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and triglycerides, and increased HDL cholesterol levels in people with type 2 diabetes. The leaves have a hypoglycaemic effect on diabetes patients, due to the presence of a number of phytochemicals and essential oils in it. Consumption of bay leaves was found to improve insulin and glucose metabolism. <br /><br />Bay leaf contains linalool as an active component, which can effectively scavenge free radicals and terminate the chain reaction of free radicals. Bay leaves help the pancreas to function normally. This helps lower blood sugar levels, stimulates the digestive system, regulates periods, and is antispasmodic, expectorant, antirheumatic, and diuretic.<br /><b>Bay leaves and diabetes<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWaGol8a2J976rJBOjEQxmXMN1HLG_ZkKLQRI09edERMP0i0cnSAM0az8Vg9vfbKGW_GNACDi4faPGYs_X3zdfOcK_1Qq3RAeDDtwO-QBItG76dGath_luTzYWZvzq_-V9DAUMe_cp_AWt2a8N4r6un1TTBOv1Nua3ANt8JxemCIk1m12wGMRxeMnx/s358/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="244" data-original-width="358" height="338" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWaGol8a2J976rJBOjEQxmXMN1HLG_ZkKLQRI09edERMP0i0cnSAM0az8Vg9vfbKGW_GNACDi4faPGYs_X3zdfOcK_1Qq3RAeDDtwO-QBItG76dGath_luTzYWZvzq_-V9DAUMe_cp_AWt2a8N4r6un1TTBOv1Nua3ANt8JxemCIk1m12wGMRxeMnx/w497-h338/1.jpg" width="497" /></a></div></b>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1316759583017930361.post-30549142577780384132022-12-22T07:06:00.004-08:002022-12-22T07:06:41.135-08:00Gestational diabetes: Cause and symptoms Gestational diabetes is diabetes that can develop during pregnancy. It affects women who haven't been affected by diabetes before. <br /><br />Gestational diabetes causes high blood sugar that can affect pregnancy and the baby's health. Every year, 2% to 10% of pregnancies in the United States are affected by gestational diabetes. <br /><br />Gestational diabetes starts when human body is not able to make and use all the insulin it needs for pregnancy. Without enough insulin, glucose cannot leave the blood and be changed to energy. Insulin is a hormone made by pancreas that acts like a key to let blood sugar into the cells in the body for use as energy. <br /><br />Gestational diabetes develops in the second half of pregnancy, and it goes away after delivery. Obesity is one of the main risk factors for gestational diabetes. <br /><br />It usually goes away again after giving birth. It is usually diagnosed from a blood test 24 to 28 weeks into pregnancy. About 50 to 70 percent of women who have gestational diabetes develop type 2 diabetes later in life. Research found that babies born to mothers with GDM have a higher birth weight and may become obese during adolescence, <br /><br />Most of the time, gestational diabetes does not cause noticeable signs or symptoms. Gestational diabetes affects the mother in late pregnancy, after the baby's body has been formed, but while the baby is busy growing.<br /><b>Gestational diabetes: Cause and symptoms<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhirmAOcEx9pfpAodT8eJKhgQpvxP65ihJW2YrXuuF0xaRHxKGu1kbe8gcgGOwvbDZXGU2iwGoqaxqj3gNFIx0kIWcQ2JN5jwBrOgAsFamSMZul7ANMpYYG-IhRBgSyF3L2HJPGA222DA3jqH5z5wvZn74uovgb9E5wgVVQ6kKRlK3ZZuN0_GMmdT91/s1000/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="667" data-original-width="1000" height="327" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhirmAOcEx9pfpAodT8eJKhgQpvxP65ihJW2YrXuuF0xaRHxKGu1kbe8gcgGOwvbDZXGU2iwGoqaxqj3gNFIx0kIWcQ2JN5jwBrOgAsFamSMZul7ANMpYYG-IhRBgSyF3L2HJPGA222DA3jqH5z5wvZn74uovgb9E5wgVVQ6kKRlK3ZZuN0_GMmdT91/w491-h327/1.jpg" width="491" /></a></div></b>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1316759583017930361.post-31781494535881088942022-11-20T04:22:00.002-08:002022-11-20T04:22:06.963-08:00Fructose metabolism in human bodyFructose is an abundant monosaccharide in the human diet that the body needs to metabolize. Fructose is a type of simple sugar that makes up 50% of table sugar (sucrose). Table sugar also consists of glucose, which is the main energy source for human body’s cells. <br /><br />Advances in technology in the 1960s made possible the production of inexpensive high-fructose syrups from corn starch. <br /><br />When ingested by humans, fructose is absorbed by an active transport system but at a slower rate than is glucose. Coingestion of glucose increases intestinal absorptive capacity for fructose. <br /><br />The metabolism of dietary fructose to yield energy is known as fructolysis. The process of fructolysis utilizes most of the same enzymes and metabolic intermediates as the glycolysis pathway. <br /><br />Fructose utilization in humans and animals occurs mainly in the liver, kidney, and small intestine. Unlike glucose, fructose can enter muscle cells and adipocytes in the absence of insulin by using facilitative glucose transport proteins (GLUT). <br /><br />Fructose metabolizes predominantly in the liver. It directs toward the replenishment of liver glycogen and the synthesis of triglycerides. A high flux of fructose to the liver, the main organ capable of metabolizing this simple carbohydrate, perturbs glucose metabolism and glucose uptake pathways, and leads to a significantly enhanced rate of de novo lipogenesis and triglyceride synthesis. <br /><br />A high intake of fructose also will increase the body fat. Excess fructose consumption increasingly influences the global epidemics of diabetes mellitus, obesity, and the associated cardiometabolic risks.<br /><b>Fructose metabolism in human body<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_KaxmDvCKY_z9_JQzYNlBcUryca82yOtWSW8IowYGl21DnhSdWY22jl2QmPWBCUZEmrd18-PHvRUarRrlF2G3LB0UzGVeGeXa3idmJQTnqwOYyj7g-Jw2CMSrZnA-fz5hAxZXqlZ_ahfhNOXb1fBYlKUlzVeSlsgnGN1ziOFBr-J4LGc4U8hyBTF0/s725/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="725" data-original-width="620" height="453" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_KaxmDvCKY_z9_JQzYNlBcUryca82yOtWSW8IowYGl21DnhSdWY22jl2QmPWBCUZEmrd18-PHvRUarRrlF2G3LB0UzGVeGeXa3idmJQTnqwOYyj7g-Jw2CMSrZnA-fz5hAxZXqlZ_ahfhNOXb1fBYlKUlzVeSlsgnGN1ziOFBr-J4LGc4U8hyBTF0/w388-h453/1.jpg" width="388" /></a></div></b>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1316759583017930361.post-10530222711045987412022-10-13T07:10:00.002-07:002022-10-13T07:10:39.208-07:00What is lactose?<p>Lactose is known as a naturally occurring sugar in milk and products derived milk such as cow’s milk, goat’s milk, yogurt, cheese and ice cream. It can also be an ingredient in foods and beverages like bread, cereal, lunchmeats, salad dressings and mixes for baked goods. <br /><br />As a disaccharide consisting of glucose and galactose, lactose acts as an energy-carrier in milk and a variety of other health benefits including:<br />*Lactose increases the absorption of certain minerals including calcium, magnesium and zinc.<br />*Its impact is minimal on tooth decay compared to other sugars.<br />*It has a relatively low glycemic index, which could make this sugar beneficial for diabetics.<br />*Lactose helps in brain development; milk proteins are good for muscle development and calcium is a must for bone strength apart from other health benefits. <br /><br />Lactose is a reducing sugar and occurs as both the α-anomer and β-anomer. Crystallization of lactose from saturated solutions below 93.5 °C yields crystals of α-lactose monohydrate while crystallization of lactose solutions at temperatures higher than 93.5 °C yields anhydrous crystals of β-lactose. <br /><br />Lactose (milk sugar) has rather limited solubility (21.6% by weight at 25°C) and crystallizes readily as the monohydrate (C24H22O11.H2O). <br /><br />When the people eat something containing lactose, an enzyme in the small intestine called lactase breaks it down into simpler sugar forms called glucose and galactose. These simple sugars are then absorbed into the bloodstream and turned into energy. <br /><br />In lactose intolerance, the body doesn't make enough lactase to break down lactose. It is an inability the human body to digest lactose, a sugar found in milk and milk products. Symptoms vary from person to person, but may include: gas, diarrhea, bloating, belly pains and nausea. <br /><br />Regarding type 2 diabetes, there is no evidence that shows any positive association with milk. Milk consumed with breakfast cereal reduced blood glucose concentration compared with water, and high dairy protein concentration reduced postprandial blood glucose concentration compared with normal dairy protein concentration.<br /><b>What is lactos<span style="color: #0000cc;">e?</span></b></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipPv2vC67IjcF56S5pk9PLi8jqPUa3-9YPinZJVnZfU-3pk5LIPb7suwSTypaWgbFhpd66_caKQwmsky_M082ix5gt_FbyB6ZuGVevMfdbN_7xum4YVC226IcYvUBt8UigprCLd4J0-cZ1UTX8GVfsMYSwSYaoHpYw2QhNIheu3kkpxBWK2rTzn7fB/s597/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="597" data-original-width="592" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipPv2vC67IjcF56S5pk9PLi8jqPUa3-9YPinZJVnZfU-3pk5LIPb7suwSTypaWgbFhpd66_caKQwmsky_M082ix5gt_FbyB6ZuGVevMfdbN_7xum4YVC226IcYvUBt8UigprCLd4J0-cZ1UTX8GVfsMYSwSYaoHpYw2QhNIheu3kkpxBWK2rTzn7fB/s320/1.jpg" width="317" /></a></b></div><p></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1316759583017930361.post-3780952274593016012022-09-03T18:34:00.004-07:002022-09-03T18:34:36.882-07:00FructoseFructose is a type of simple sugar that makes up 50% of table sugar (sucrose). Table sugar also consists of glucose, which is the main energy source for human body’s cells. Fructose is a monosaccharide and bonded with glucose, another monosaccharide, forms sucrose, or table sugar. <br /><br />However, fructose needs to be converted into glucose by the liver before it can be used by the body. Fructose is absorbed somewhat more slowly from the intestines and makes its way to the liver without causing the pancreas to release insulin. <br /><br />Unlike glucose, fructose causes a low rise in blood sugar levels. Therefore, some health professionals recommend fructose as a “safe” sweetener for people with type 2 diabetes. <br /><br />Fructose is a simple sugar. Fructose occurs naturally in berries and fruits, such as cherries, raisins and apples, and can make up 5–8% of their weight. Fructose comprises about 40% of honey. <br /><br />Researchers found excess amounts of dietary fructose seemed to cause inflammation that could lead to insulin resistance (<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Nutrients. 2017 Apr; 9(4): 405</i></span>). <br /><br />Insulin resistance means glucose can build up in the blood, causing a range of health problems, including type 2 diabetes.<br /><b>Fructose<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhszK2cDp8BywefGTDU1qgZ_KCX2YsbB8GjkzNzlpweDPjE3d_J9zDeHMtJOgzB68FOAEQETmPoQYxRN9L7O-GjuF_-ZJpM7wPFkgrVsi8BInKrYGPY16ArhCycolrSNrDsotxyqiqf4831SYg2meptn97tfb3do64zgZ2gLqF5ImR82LKGTY3SBX5y/s1109/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1109" data-original-width="898" height="436" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhszK2cDp8BywefGTDU1qgZ_KCX2YsbB8GjkzNzlpweDPjE3d_J9zDeHMtJOgzB68FOAEQETmPoQYxRN9L7O-GjuF_-ZJpM7wPFkgrVsi8BInKrYGPY16ArhCycolrSNrDsotxyqiqf4831SYg2meptn97tfb3do64zgZ2gLqF5ImR82LKGTY3SBX5y/w353-h436/1.jpg" width="353" /></a></div></b>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1316759583017930361.post-91487269824466059712022-08-07T18:50:00.001-07:002022-08-07T18:50:06.575-07:00LactosuriaWhen sugar is found in the urine:, it is quite true that it is nearly always glucose; hence the term glucosuria would be quite correct in most instances. However, certain other sugars may be present e.g., certain disaccharides, lactose, galactose, fructose, and pentose. <br /><br />Lactosuria is an abnormal amount of lactose in the urine. It is a common finding during pregnancy and lactation, and in the newborn, especially premature babies. <br /><br />Lactose is usually absent from the urine of normal women but there may be traces, alimentary in origin. The urine of most pregnant women contains lactose in very varying amount, but the presence of lactose is not inevitable even in the later months of pregnancy. <br /><br />Lactose is the commonest sugar found in the urine. Lactose, as is well known, reduces Fehling's solution, and not infrequently lactosuria has been mistaken for true glycosuria.<br /><b>Lactosuria<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyMhpDrq-raVGG72tSp37ewoXl1e0oRjkZ40iwDWBjI8yTHDJt4nJ1XXL0DKC7enCru00eaGFw5-h6EYpajHE9MKTm6A1ltJzSb6VA0KecLC9jnXwqOy-vbbLiQJgUjpBBYK7i4cubp62bPpRYn3uJxOGizwcdP_rchGX5sRvF3HT2S7VKnX8sPQxl/s1328/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1328" data-original-width="1007" height="437" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyMhpDrq-raVGG72tSp37ewoXl1e0oRjkZ40iwDWBjI8yTHDJt4nJ1XXL0DKC7enCru00eaGFw5-h6EYpajHE9MKTm6A1ltJzSb6VA0KecLC9jnXwqOy-vbbLiQJgUjpBBYK7i4cubp62bPpRYn3uJxOGizwcdP_rchGX5sRvF3HT2S7VKnX8sPQxl/w332-h437/1.jpg" width="332" /></a></div></b>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1316759583017930361.post-76700594679640597112022-07-18T22:02:00.006-07:002022-07-18T22:02:31.703-07:00Risk factors diabetes type IIInsulin is a hormone made by human pancreas that acts like a key to let blood sugar into the cells in human body for use as energy. If the person has type 2 diabetes, cells don’t respond normally to insulin. Factors that may increase risk of type 2 diabetes include: <br /><br />*Weight. Being overweight or obese is a main risk. Because of the rise in obesity among U.S. children, this type is affecting more teenagers. <br /><br />*Fat distribution. More at risk of type 2 diabetes if carrying extra weight, especially if this weight is around the middle, rather than hips and thighs. <br /><br />*Inactivity <br /><br />*Family history. If the person had a relative with diabetes, chances are higher that he’ll get it, too. <br /><br />*High blood pressure <br /><br />*Blood lipid levels. High blood triglyceride (fat) levels. It's too high if it's over 150 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL). <br /><br />*Race and ethnicity. Nonwhite women have a greater chance of developing it. Being of an ethnicity that’s at higher risk: African Americans, Native Americans, Hispanic Americans, and Asian Americans are more likely to get type 2 diabetes than non-Hispanic whites. <br /><br />*Age: The person more at risk if he is white and over 40 or over 25 if he is African-Caribbean, Black African, or South Asian. <br /><br />*Prediabetes <br /><br />*Smoking. Smoking is associated with a higher risk of type 2 diabetes, and also increases the risk of other health conditions such as heart disease and cancer. <br /><br />*Pregnancy-related risks. Gestational diabetes or giving birth to a baby weighing more than 9 pounds <br /><br />*Polycystic ovary syndrome. Hormonal disorder common among women of reproductive age. Women with Polycystic ovary syndrome may have infrequent or prolonged menstrual periods or excess male hormone (androgen) levels. <br /><br />*Areas of darkened skin, usually in the armpits and neck<br /><b>Risk factors diabetes type II<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuDY8azDbZr75oo8ere9fuzCXeRPN2iCJX6jptPMs5cGO6-li5lssDxf42q66JD4BrvV9ZTM08Jh64o0_XRWiWEFwg1Xpaq125QiMxkyirZM0IV_z-G3m4WFowZ0Aeec_MVVg0hNqqBAZdCPCmbub4gYuLPnZXwr58a8xLgjVT-MfSZEKNk4759oKq/s976/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="549" data-original-width="976" height="259" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuDY8azDbZr75oo8ere9fuzCXeRPN2iCJX6jptPMs5cGO6-li5lssDxf42q66JD4BrvV9ZTM08Jh64o0_XRWiWEFwg1Xpaq125QiMxkyirZM0IV_z-G3m4WFowZ0Aeec_MVVg0hNqqBAZdCPCmbub4gYuLPnZXwr58a8xLgjVT-MfSZEKNk4759oKq/w461-h259/1.jpg" width="461" /></a></div></b>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1316759583017930361.post-64742136193338389882022-06-08T19:40:00.000-07:002022-06-08T19:40:00.545-07:00Pseudo-hypoglycemiaHypoglycemia generally is defined as a blood glucose level of 3.9 mmol/L or lower. In patients without diabetes, hypoglycemia is a clinical syndrome with diverse causes in which low plasma glucose concentrations lead to symptoms and signs, which resolve when the plasma glucose concentration is raised. <br /><br />Pseudo-hypoglycemia sometimes referred to as relative hypoglycemia, false hypoglycemia, false low. It is an event when a person experiences typical symptoms of hypoglycemia but with a measured plasma glucose concentration above 3.9 mmol/L. False hypoglycemia is having the symptoms of hypoglycemia when the blood glucose levels are in normal range or even above normal range. False hypoglycemia may occur in people with newly diagnosed diabetes whose blood glucose was significantly above normal, and is now lower <br /><br />Many such patients are thought to have stress or anxiety as a predisposing factor. They may have enhanced catecholamine release following a meal, or they may be abnormally sensitive to normal postprandial calecholamine release. <br /><br />This is common in patients with long-standing poor glycemic control when their plasma glucose concentration starts trending toward the normal range.<br /><b>Pseudo-hypoglycemia<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPFqpNETAmJ9HBIkdqLQUmmTx2Wy4e2CZNJ6J2ph1ANW2_hf_UtYgOpPLDoEDH541xgwrCYfZgCbspo989wCfGMOHCC7jU1E8K1ndkMkh_YXoj87vpyL6GV0KA-MLQt2bM0ISVzsjZ546Jf3aji2guurR1dueisAk7Nb8-d5A9dw_PesKnxP-v7GYa/s398/2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="398" data-original-width="392" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPFqpNETAmJ9HBIkdqLQUmmTx2Wy4e2CZNJ6J2ph1ANW2_hf_UtYgOpPLDoEDH541xgwrCYfZgCbspo989wCfGMOHCC7jU1E8K1ndkMkh_YXoj87vpyL6GV0KA-MLQt2bM0ISVzsjZ546Jf3aji2guurR1dueisAk7Nb8-d5A9dw_PesKnxP-v7GYa/s320/2.jpg" width="315" /></a></div></b>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1316759583017930361.post-6777275055434887662022-04-21T21:06:00.009-07:002022-04-21T21:07:24.851-07:00Cinnamon and diabetesCeylon cinnamon comes from the bark of cinnamon trees, which are small evergreens found in Sri Lanka and much of Southeast Asia. Strips of the inner bark are dried until they curl into rolls known as cinnamon sticks or quills. These can then be ground into powder or made into an extract. <br /><br />Several small studies have linked cinnamon to better blood sugar levels. Some of this work shows it may curb blood sugar by lowering insulin resistance. Studies show that regularly consuming cinnamon can help human body's natural response to insulin. This can help body moderate its blood sugar levels more effectively and reduce the risk of hypo- or hyperglycemia incidents. <br /><br />Diabetes is a disease characterized by abnormally high blood sugar. If poorly controlled, it can lead to complications like heart disease, kidney disease and nerve damage. <br /><br />A 2011 analysis in the Journal of Medicinal Food points to the cinnamon’s potential for lowering blood sugars. Researchers compared the results of eight previous studies and found an average blood sugar level reduction of 3–5 percent (<i><span style="font-size: x-small;">J Med Food. 2011 Sep;14(9):884-9</span></i>). <br /><br />Cinnamon is one of these spices that has been demonstrated to be effective in improving glycaemia both in healthy and diabetic subjects. In type 2 diabetic subjects, cinnamon revealed that it can exert a hypoglycaemic effect, decreasing PBG and fasting blood glucose level (FBG) (<i><span style="font-size: x-small;">Ethno-Medicine. 2009;3:141–144</span></i>).<br /><b>Cinnamon and diabetes</b><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPs2sFu2p8e1bjOSrZXL4ACiTCWHnG3JOlSs3vAmmJDnzMSU6tKHzdeKT1xQjT8ijGjYe7QbP8I7lxH_sj_A6P52XdRnBSs_ouHE9HrorLDR34t6Kab0STcyxr5Tdoa3fLmIgdRAMlee_iz3MTfs-cMfGOVZf9aAriHC8gnnlstsP-jZbGpMb-3s2I/s773/2022-04-22.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="773" data-original-width="659" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPs2sFu2p8e1bjOSrZXL4ACiTCWHnG3JOlSs3vAmmJDnzMSU6tKHzdeKT1xQjT8ijGjYe7QbP8I7lxH_sj_A6P52XdRnBSs_ouHE9HrorLDR34t6Kab0STcyxr5Tdoa3fLmIgdRAMlee_iz3MTfs-cMfGOVZf9aAriHC8gnnlstsP-jZbGpMb-3s2I/s320/2022-04-22.png" width="273" /></a></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1316759583017930361.post-13342740338308476102022-03-15T08:28:00.009-07:002022-03-15T08:28:55.020-07:00Diabetic dyslipidemiaThe characteristic features of a cluster of lipoprotein abnormalities, diabetic dyslipidemia are: elevated fasting and postprandial triglycerides, low HDL cholesterol, elevated LDL-cholesterol and the predominance of small dense LDL particles. <br /><br />The lipid changes associated with diabetes mellitus are attributed to increased free fatty acid flux secondary to insulin resistance. The changes represent the major link between diabetes and the increased cardiovascular risk of diabetic patients. <br /><br />Diabetic dyslipidemia is extremely common in type 2 diabetes (T2DM) affecting around 70 % of patients. Diabetic is a significant risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) which is the most common cause of death in the United States. <br /><br />Several factors are likely to be responsible for diabetic dyslipidemia:<br />*Insulin effects on liver apoprotein production,<br />*Regulation of lipoprotein lipase (LpL),<br />*Actions of cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP), and<br />*Peripheral actions of insulin on adipose and muscle. <br /><br />Dyslipidemia is common in diabetes. There is an association between atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes.<br /><b>Diabetic dyslipidemia<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgFWE-ytLvOwjK5pAnizQJMXo-3qzrp3xn68mEA9QYUzJM9P7ovul7dS_bfl1AlwJHr5xkB4KH523XO6JVzUKxM6CnsGg_39tTgtGrUGXVrf6hafnRwboBHEGGVuDN5t_IJFs97XdwQJa6aUYxWigmzjiYnzP-79F7mEFlfpXT1pbHjFnRYkBRPSIYK=s634" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="466" data-original-width="634" height="298" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgFWE-ytLvOwjK5pAnizQJMXo-3qzrp3xn68mEA9QYUzJM9P7ovul7dS_bfl1AlwJHr5xkB4KH523XO6JVzUKxM6CnsGg_39tTgtGrUGXVrf6hafnRwboBHEGGVuDN5t_IJFs97XdwQJa6aUYxWigmzjiYnzP-79F7mEFlfpXT1pbHjFnRYkBRPSIYK=w406-h298" width="406" /></a></div></b>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1316759583017930361.post-48495619622633902562022-02-01T20:40:00.007-08:002022-02-01T20:40:43.633-08:00Neurogenic diabetes insipidusDiabetes insipidus (DI) is a form of polyuria–polydipsia syndrome and is characterized by hypotonic polyuria (excessive urination; >50 mL/kg body weight/24 h) and polydipsia (excessive drinking; >3 L/day). <br /><br />Central or neurogenic diabetes insipidus (DI) is considered an uncommon disorder or rare disorder of water homeostasis secondary to deficient synthesis or secretion of arginine vasopressin peptide (AVP) from the hypothalamo–neurohypophyseal system (HNS) in response to osmotic stimulation. Arginine vasopressin (AVP) is an antidiuretic hormone which is synthesized in the magnocellular neurons of the supraoptic (SON) and paraventricular nuclei (PVN) in the hypothalamus. <br /><br />In neurogenic DI, polyuria occurs as a result of a decrease in serum concentrations of AVP and a consequent decrease in urine osmolality. Neurogenic DI is characterized by hypotonic polyuria accompanied by polydipsia, as long as the thirst sensation is intact. Daily urine volumes exceed 3 liters in most cases. <br /><br />Approximately 50% of cases can be attributed to destruction of the neurohypophysis by an identifiable genetic, congenital, or acquired disease, including trauma, neoplastic infiltration from either primary or metastatic disease, granulomatous disease, and infection. The remainder are classified as idiopathic. <br /><br />In rare cases, genetic defects in AVP synthesis, inherited as autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive or X-linked recessive traits, are the underlying cause. X-linked NDI is secondary to AVP receptor 2 (AVPR2) mutations, which results in a loss of function or dysregulation of the renal AVPR2. <br /><br />Neurogenic DI is the most common type of DI. In hereditary central DI, the predominant inheritance pattern is autosomal dominant due to mutations in AVP.<br /><b>Neurogenic diabetes insipidus<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEj44qr8WMSMBDE8Ru6xrGy6vCX12mMy_zpt3-lGkFL3upg1iqX3f4n1f50T1V0d3YZlomun-jL3Gng3FNlQttyDUvKSnvZMgEbw1InWtK5L46VrZe9gGl9ILcUhfLP2yq42wryIlJd6geRxZwpfBk1abiFK7PMaONpc6YlPUwAVg08LhHBGG-56Ll-P=s675" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="675" data-original-width="675" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEj44qr8WMSMBDE8Ru6xrGy6vCX12mMy_zpt3-lGkFL3upg1iqX3f4n1f50T1V0d3YZlomun-jL3Gng3FNlQttyDUvKSnvZMgEbw1InWtK5L46VrZe9gGl9ILcUhfLP2yq42wryIlJd6geRxZwpfBk1abiFK7PMaONpc6YlPUwAVg08LhHBGG-56Ll-P=s320" width="320" /></a></div></b>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1316759583017930361.post-9495309075989960972022-01-08T17:33:00.008-08:002022-01-08T17:33:34.426-08:00GlycosuriaWhen a young adult complains of thirst, excessive hunger, polyuria, exhaustion and loss of weight, the discovery of glycosuria usually confirms an obvious diagnosis of Diabetes Mellitus. Glycosuria is a common symptom of both type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes. <br /><br />Glycosuria, the presence of glucose in urine above normal levels, may be caused by either an increase in blood glucose such that the renal tubules are overwhelmed and complete reabsorption of presented glucose is not possible, a lowering of the renal threshold, or inhibition of renal tubule reabsorption. <br /><br />The usual type of glycosuria is due to the presence of glucose in the urine. Four varieties will be considered.<br />*Diabetic Glycosuria<br />*Renal Glycosuria<br />*Glycosuria of Cerebral Origin<br />*Glycosuria of Endocrine (nonpancreatic) origin <br /><br />Renal glycosuria is a much rarer form of glycosuria. The commonest cause of glycosuria is uncontrolled diabetes mellitus. Abnormally elevated levels of glucose in the blood result in high amount of filtered glucose waiting to be reabsorbed through overactive SGLT2 (sodium glucose cotransporter 2) which execute reabsorption eventually. <br /><br />The association between blood and urine glucose was first observed in the eighteenth century by Matthew Dobson, an English physician. For many years urine glucose testing was the major method used to monitor glycemic control in diabetes mellitus. Early methods of urine glucose detection included evaporation of urine to reveal sugar crystals and urine sugar fermentation by yeast.<br /><b>Glycosuria<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiyVrbOsCbFRerN6bTRChzkB-C1XMHGtxjfpK0KijyIEIN2olhYyoC7q46JBumLhBQf7Y1hHmza8PT72hz5MN07ml-wa3V1-pQP4sOHB8I7ZCNQeteS10ddsrwAkWZ0CvPejUm0sOTAU_RostHiKB0yZDSMGEUv2eiY5bKaR6NnJGcggRkNhEWPpuAS=s3386" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2285" data-original-width="3386" height="299" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiyVrbOsCbFRerN6bTRChzkB-C1XMHGtxjfpK0KijyIEIN2olhYyoC7q46JBumLhBQf7Y1hHmza8PT72hz5MN07ml-wa3V1-pQP4sOHB8I7ZCNQeteS10ddsrwAkWZ0CvPejUm0sOTAU_RostHiKB0yZDSMGEUv2eiY5bKaR6NnJGcggRkNhEWPpuAS=w443-h299" width="443" /></a></div></b>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1316759583017930361.post-65261726485809311252021-12-16T16:27:00.006-08:002021-12-16T16:27:50.412-08:00Sign and symptoms of diabetes type IIType 2 diabetes which accounts for 85-95 per cent of all diabetes has a latent, asymptomatic period of sub-clinical stages which often remains undiagnosed for several years. It usually occurs in middle-aged and older people. Other common names for Type 2 include adult-onset diabetes and insulin-resistant diabetes. <div><br /></div><div>In type 2 diabetes (which due to a progressive insulin secretory defect on the background of insulin resistance), there are primarily associated with two interrelated.<br />*The pancreas does not produce enough insulin — a hormone that regulates the movement of sugar into your cells<br />*Cells respond poorly to insulin and take in less sugar. <br /><br />Signs and symptoms are present, they may include:<br />*Increased thirst – It is necessary to remove excess sugar from the blood can result in the body losing additional water. This led to a person feeling more thirsty than usual.<br />*Frequent urination - When blood sugar levels are high, the body will extract fluid from tissues. This can lead to excessive thirst and a person needing to urinate more frequently.<br />*Increased hunger<br />*Unexplained/severe weight loss. When there is too little insulin, the body may start burning fat and muscle for energy.<br />*Fatigue and restlessness and body pain<br />*Blurred vision - An excess of sugar in the blood can damage the tiny blood vessels in the eyes, which can cause blurry vision.<br />*High levels of hyperglycaemia<br />*Slow-healing sores<br />*Frequent infections<br />*Numbness or tingling in the hands or feet<br />*Areas of darkened skin, usually in the armpits and neck<br /><b>Sign and symptoms of diabetes type II<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhwPjMM2I7TS0XHnYPTiN_mmd9sXJt8u47rAVs5BX5yc2KjOqgdiekM_N8hHDw3_oTjhSYrpFxe-QOBMPFiu6evy8uhETMWbiLn9eddad-j27ml09zMrLKI2x1ygNyAx1JDQi3itRZYIz1Q5HmVnVU67Jr0_8SUJQqPjWFHRDzonl4mZ6WkpQyAWgnx=s423" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="423" data-original-width="337" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhwPjMM2I7TS0XHnYPTiN_mmd9sXJt8u47rAVs5BX5yc2KjOqgdiekM_N8hHDw3_oTjhSYrpFxe-QOBMPFiu6evy8uhETMWbiLn9eddad-j27ml09zMrLKI2x1ygNyAx1JDQi3itRZYIz1Q5HmVnVU67Jr0_8SUJQqPjWFHRDzonl4mZ6WkpQyAWgnx=s320" width="255" /></a></div></b></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com