The complication of diabetes mellitus can divided into two main types the microvascular complication that effected on small vascular in each of retinal, peripheral nerve and kidney that lead to retinopathy, neuropathy and nephropathy disease respectively. And macrovascular complication that effected on large vascular including Peripheral Artery Disease, Coronary Artery Disease and Cerebrovascular disease.
Retinopathy: A microvascular condition that may affect each of the peripheral retina, macula, or both is characterized by diabetic retinopathy is a serious cause of vision loss and blindness in diabetics.
Neuropathy: Nephropathy is the leading cause of chronic renal failure, the initial marker being microalbuminuria. It is the one of the most common diabetes complications, nerve damage can cause numbness and pain. Nerve damage most often affects the feet and legs but can also affect digestion process, blood vessels, and heart.
Nephropathy: The kidneys hold millions of tiny blood vessel clusters (glomeruli) that filter waste from the blood. Diabetes can damage this delicate filtering system. Nephropathy is a chronic complication characterized by increased urinary albumin excretion (Proteinuria) or reduced kidney glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in both forms of diabetic mellitus, T1DM and T2DM.
Diabetic myonecrosis: Diabetic myonecrosis is a rare complication associated with poorly controlled diabetes and advanced microvascular disease. Diabetic muscle infarction is usually unilateral and affects the lower limbs. The most commonly affected muscles are quadriceps, hip adductors, and hamstrings
Coronary artery disease (CAD): Diabetes majorly increases the risk of many heart problems. These can include coronary artery disease with chest pain (angina), heart attack, stroke and narrowing of arteries (atherosclerosis). More than 3 out of 4 diabetic patients die of causes related to atherosclerosis and in most cases (75%) because of CAD. Type 2 DM increases the risk of CAD by 2-4 times in the overall population.
Peripheral vascular disease (PVD): PVD also known as peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is an occlusive disease of the large peripheral arteries (especially of the legs) excluding the coronary and intracranial vessels, primarily caused by atherosclerosis.
Cerebrovascular events (CVA): Cerebrovascular diseases such as stroke, transient ischaemic attack(TIA) are more common in people with diabetes, it is three times more common in those with diabetes.
Complications of diabetes
