Type 1 diabetes often begins in childhood but can also emerge in adulthood. This condition is an autoimmune disease wherein the immune system attacks and destroys insulin-producing pancreatic β-cells. These β-cells reside in the Islets of Langerhans in the pancreas, which also contain α-cells and δ-cells. The α-cells produce glucagon, a hormone that helps maintain blood glucose levels by promoting glucose production in the liver during fasting periods. In type 1 diabetes, however, the immune system mistakenly targets and destroys the β-cells, leading to an insulin deficiency.
Insulin is crucial for regulating blood glucose levels, enabling cells to absorb glucose for energy. Without sufficient insulin, glucose accumulates in the blood, resulting in hyperglycemia. Early symptoms of type 1 diabetes include frequent urination, extreme thirst and hunger, weight loss, and increased skin and vaginal infections. In children and teenagers, symptoms may appear suddenly and can include high fever, confusion, extreme fatigue, and thirst.
The management of type 1 diabetes primarily involves insulin therapy to replace the insulin the body no longer produces. Advances in insulin delivery, such as insulin pumps and continuous glucose monitors, have improved blood glucose management and quality of life for those with type 1 diabetes. Research into artificial pancreas systems and immune therapies also holds promise for future treatments. Early diagnosis and careful management are vital to prevent complications such as diabetic ketoacidosis, a potentially life-threatening condition characterized by high blood sugar and ketone levels. With ongoing advancements in diabetes care, individuals with type 1 diabetes can lead healthy, active lives.
Understanding Type 1 Diabetes: Causes, Symptoms, and Management
