AVP (arginine vasopressin)

AVP or arginine vasopressin, sometimes also called anti-diuretic hormone or ADH, or argipressin or vasopressin is a hormone synthesized as a peptide pro-hormone in magnocellular neurons in the hypothalamus, and is converted to AVP.

AVP is a small nine-amino-acid peptide secreted by the neuro-hypophysis in response to minor increases in plasma osmolality or to comparatively larger reductions in blood volume. There is growing evidence that supports a role of AVP in regulation of blood glucose concentration.

AVP is short-lived in plasma, with a mean half-life of 24 minutes, and this hormone plays a major role in water conservation by increasing the permeability of the collecting duct to water and stimulating urea movements in the kidney which promote more intense water reabsorption in the renal medulla.

Researchers discovered that diabetic rats, in contrast to control rats, have increased hypothalamic vasopressin synthesis due to upregulated chloride transporters and an excitatory response evoked by the neurotransmitter GABA. These findings thus reveal a potential mechanistic explanation for elevated vasopressin concentration in diabetes.

Plasma vasopressin levels are elevated in uncontrolled diabetes mellitus. Furthermore, experimental studies demonstrated increased AVP synthesis, which was thought to be a compensatory response to the elevated AVP secretion.
AVP (arginine vasopressin)

Hormone of insulin

Insulin regulates glucose, lipid and protein metabolism, as well as other physiologic processes that control nutrient homeostasis, including appetite and fertility. 

Insulin is an anabolic hormone and has an essential life-supporting function. Glucose or a metabolite of glucose triggers the release of insulin from insulin producing Beta-cells of the pancreas.

It is a polypeptide dimer of two disulphide linked peptides and is secreted as a prohormone.

Insulin decreases glucose production by slowing the rates of glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in the liver and stimulating the production of glycogen from glucose.

The main function of insulin is to maintain blood glucose levels within a narrow range. Blood insulin levels decrease as glucose is taken up by tissues and utilized.

The vital role of insulin is best appreciated when look at the consequences of a lack or a lack of insulin response, leading to excess blood glucose. Hyperglycemia is responsible for many manifestations of the disease.
Hormone of insulin