Jardiance: A Breakthrough in Type 2 Diabetes Management

Jardiance (empagliflozin) is a groundbreaking medication that has transformed the treatment of type 2 diabetes, a chronic condition affecting millions worldwide. Belonging to the SGLT2 inhibitor class of drugs, Jardiance works in a unique way—by targeting the sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 proteins in the kidneys. These proteins normally reabsorb glucose back into the bloodstream, but Jardiance blocks their action, allowing excess sugar to be eliminated through urine. This mechanism helps lower blood glucose levels without relying on insulin, making it an effective option for many patients struggling to control their diabetes.

Beyond its role in blood sugar control, Jardiance provides remarkable benefits for heart and kidney health. Clinical trials have shown that it significantly reduces the risk of cardiovascular death and hospitalization for heart failure in individuals with type 2 diabetes and established heart disease. More recently, research has extended these benefits to people with chronic kidney disease and heart failure, even those without diabetes. This discovery has positioned Jardiance as one of the few diabetes medications with proven protective effects on multiple organ systems.

In addition, Jardiance can help with weight reduction and mild blood pressure lowering, effects that are often desirable in diabetic patients who are overweight or hypertensive. These additional advantages make it a multifaceted tool in managing the broader health challenges associated with type 2 diabetes.

However, Jardiance is not suitable for everyone. It is not approved for type 1 diabetes and should be avoided in patients with severe kidney impairment. Common side effects include increased urination, urinary tract infections, genital yeast infections, and dehydration, particularly in individuals who do not maintain adequate fluid intake. To achieve the best outcomes, Jardiance is typically prescribed alongside lifestyle changes such as a balanced diet, regular physical activity, and weight management.

In summary, Jardiance represents a major advancement in modern diabetes care. Its dual ability to manage blood sugar and safeguard cardiovascular and renal health makes it an invaluable option for many patients. With proper medical supervision, Jardiance continues to offer hope for a healthier and longer life for those living with type 2 diabetes.
Jardiance: A Breakthrough in Type 2 Diabetes Management

Understanding LADA: A Hybrid Form of Diabetes

Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults (LADA) is a unique form of diabetes that shares characteristics with both Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes. Often called Type 1.5 diabetes due to its hybrid nature, LADA typically manifests in adults over the age of 30 and progresses more slowly than Type 1 diabetes. Unlike Type 2 diabetes, which is primarily caused by insulin resistance, LADA arises from an autoimmune response, where the immune system mistakenly attacks the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas, as seen in Type 1 diabetes. However, the destruction of these cells in LADA occurs gradually, leading to a slower onset of symptoms.

One of the key distinctions of LADA is that, unlike Type 1 diabetes, insulin therapy is not required immediately. Initially, individuals may be treated with lifestyle changes such as diet and exercise, alongside oral medications commonly used for Type 2 diabetes, such as metformin or sulfonylureas. These treatments aim to help the body use its remaining insulin more effectively. However, as the disease progresses, the body's ability to produce insulin declines, eventually requiring insulin therapy for proper glucose regulation.

Diagnosing LADA can be challenging because it often mimics Type 2 diabetes in its early stages. Patients may present with classic symptoms like weight loss, increased thirst, frequent urination, and fatigue. Blood tests that detect specific autoantibodies, such as GAD (glutamic acid decarboxylase) antibodies, can help distinguish LADA from Type 2 diabetes. These autoantibodies indicate that the immune system is actively attacking the pancreas, which is a hallmark of autoimmune diabetes.

Managing LADA requires a multi-faceted approach, including regular monitoring of blood glucose levels, maintaining a healthy diet, engaging in physical activity, and eventually transitioning to insulin therapy as the disease progresses. Early and accurate diagnosis is vital to prevent complications like diabetic ketoacidosis and other long-term consequences of poorly managed blood sugar. Understanding LADA is essential for optimizing treatment strategies and improving the quality of life for those living with this distinct form of diabetes.
Understanding LADA: A Hybrid Form of Diabetes

Understanding Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes: Causes and Management

Diabetes is a chronic condition that disrupts the body's ability to regulate blood glucose levels. It manifests in two primary forms: type 1 and type 2 diabetes, each stemming from distinct causes.

In type 1 diabetes, the pancreas fails to produce insulin due to an autoimmune reaction where the body's immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys the islet cells responsible for insulin production. This form of diabetes typically develops in childhood or adolescence and requires lifelong insulin therapy.

Conversely, type 2 diabetes results from a combination of insulin resistance and impaired insulin production. Initially, the pancreas compensates for insulin resistance by producing more insulin. Over time, however, the pancreas becomes unable to keep up, leading to elevated blood glucose levels. This form of diabetes primarily affects adults over the age of 45, although it is increasingly diagnosed in younger individuals due to rising obesity rates and sedentary lifestyles.

Type 2 diabetes is characterized by two main issues: insulin resistance and inadequate insulin production. Muscle, fat, and liver cells become less responsive to insulin, preventing sufficient glucose absorption. Additionally, the pancreas struggles to produce enough insulin to maintain normal blood sugar levels. This progression often starts with insulin resistance, where the body's cells do not utilize insulin effectively, prompting the pancreas to produce more insulin. Eventually, the pancreas cannot sustain this increased demand, resulting in high blood glucose levels.

Type 2 diabetes impacts multiple organs, including the heart, blood vessels, nerves, eyes, and kidneys. Its risk factors, such as obesity, poor diet, and physical inactivity, also predispose individuals to other serious conditions like cardiovascular disease. Unlike type 1 diabetes, type 2 is not an autoimmune disorder and is largely preventable and manageable through lifestyle modifications.

To mitigate the risk and manage type 2 diabetes, adopting a healthy diet is crucial. Reducing the intake of sugar, salt, white grains, saturated fats, and processed foods helps maintain stable blood glucose levels. Staying hydrated by choosing water over sugary beverages, such as sodas, juices, sports drinks, and sweetened coffees and teas, is also beneficial. Regular physical activity, weight management, and monitoring blood glucose levels are essential strategies in preventing and controlling type 2 diabetes.

In conclusion, understanding the distinct causes and mechanisms of type 1 and type 2 diabetes is vital for effective management and prevention. While type 1 diabetes necessitates insulin therapy due to its autoimmune nature, type 2 diabetes can often be prevented or managed through lifestyle changes that promote healthy glucose regulation.
Understanding Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes: Causes and Management

The Vital Role of HbA1c in Diagnosing and Managing Type 2 Diabetes

HbA1c, or glycated hemoglobin, stands as a cornerstone in the diagnosis and management of type 2 diabetes, offering valuable insights into blood glucose control over time. This blood test serves not only as a diagnostic tool but also as a crucial monitoring mechanism for those already diagnosed with diabetes.

Routine HbA1c testing, recommended every 3 to 6 months, requires no special preparation, making it a convenient and accessible assessment for individuals managing their diabetes. Its simplicity belies its significance, as the test provides a comprehensive view of average blood sugar levels spanning the previous three months.

Unlike traditional glucose tests, which offer a snapshot of current blood sugar levels, HbA1c reflects chronic hyperglycemia, offering a better gauge of long-term glucose control and associated risks of complications. As such, achieving and maintaining an individualized A1C goal remains paramount for diabetes management.

The mechanism underlying HbA1c measurement is elegantly straightforward: as sugar molecules circulate in the bloodstream, they bind to hemoglobin in red blood cells. Consequently, the percentage of hemoglobin with attached sugar molecules, as quantified by the A1C test, directly correlates with average blood sugar levels over time.

Recent advancements in diabetes care underscore the critical role of HbA1c in mitigating the risk of complications associated with elevated blood sugar levels. By leveraging this test to tailor treatment plans and interventions, healthcare teams can empower individuals with diabetes to achieve better outcomes and enhance their overall quality of life.

In essence, HbA1c epitomizes precision medicine in diabetes care, offering a comprehensive and nuanced approach to diagnosis, monitoring, and management. By embracing the insights afforded by this blood test, individuals with diabetes can navigate their journey with greater confidence and control, mitigating the risks posed by uncontrolled blood sugar levels and fostering a healthier future.
The Vital Role of HbA1c in Diagnosing and Managing Type 2 Diabetes

Vitamin D Deficiency in Diabetes Type II

Vitamin D insufficiency has emerged as a notable contributor to the onset and control of type II diabetes, revealing a plausible connection between the two conditions. Significantly, Vitamin D plays a crucial role in regulating optimal blood insulin levels, with its receptors present in the pancreas, the key site for insulin synthesis, emphasizing its significance in glucose metabolism. Preliminary investigations suggest that supplementing with Vitamin D could potentially augment insulin secretion in those diagnosed with adult-onset diabetes.

Moreover, studies have pinpointed that a shortage of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, an active form of Vitamin D, impedes pancreatic insulin release. This hindrance persists regardless of serum calcium levels being within the normal range, underscoring the direct influence of Vitamin D on insulin synthesis. Diabetes, characterized by persistent hyperglycemia, manifests primarily in two forms: type I and type II.

Type I diabetes necessitates insulin administration due to the autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells, resulting in an absolute deficiency of insulin. Conversely, type II diabetes presents a spectrum of insulin usage variability, stemming from both compromised insulin secretion and resistance in target tissues like muscles, adipose cells, and the liver. Recent research illuminates Vitamin D's role in facilitating insulin release from the pancreas.

Comprehending the intricate interplay between Vitamin D insufficiency and type II diabetes emphasizes the significance of addressing nutritional aspects in managing diabetes. Furthermore, these findings underscore the potential therapeutic avenues of Vitamin D supplementation in ameliorating insulin secretion and glycemic regulation among individuals with type II diabetes. Continued research in this domain holds promise for devising targeted interventions to alleviate the global burden of diabetes.
Vitamin D Deficiency in Diabetes Type II

Risk factors diabetes type II

Insulin is a hormone made by human pancreas that acts like a key to let blood sugar into the cells in human body for use as energy. If the person has type 2 diabetes, cells don’t respond normally to insulin. Factors that may increase risk of type 2 diabetes include:

*Weight. Being overweight or obese is a main risk. Because of the rise in obesity among U.S. children, this type is affecting more teenagers.

*Fat distribution. More at risk of type 2 diabetes if carrying extra weight, especially if this weight is around the middle, rather than hips and thighs.

*Inactivity

*Family history. If the person had a relative with diabetes, chances are higher that he’ll get it, too.

*High blood pressure

*Blood lipid levels. High blood triglyceride (fat) levels. It's too high if it's over 150 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL).

*Race and ethnicity. Nonwhite women have a greater chance of developing it. Being of an ethnicity that’s at higher risk: African Americans, Native Americans, Hispanic Americans, and Asian Americans are more likely to get type 2 diabetes than non-Hispanic whites.

*Age: The person more at risk if he is white and over 40 or over 25 if he is African-Caribbean, Black African, or South Asian.

*Prediabetes

*Smoking. Smoking is associated with a higher risk of type 2 diabetes, and also increases the risk of other health conditions such as heart disease and cancer.

*Pregnancy-related risks. Gestational diabetes or giving birth to a baby weighing more than 9 pounds

*Polycystic ovary syndrome. Hormonal disorder common among women of reproductive age. Women with Polycystic ovary syndrome may have infrequent or prolonged menstrual periods or excess male hormone (androgen) levels.

*Areas of darkened skin, usually in the armpits and neck
Risk factors diabetes type II

Sign and symptoms of diabetes type II

Type 2 diabetes which accounts for 85-95 per cent of all diabetes has a latent, asymptomatic period of sub-clinical stages which often remains undiagnosed for several years. It usually occurs in middle-aged and older people. Other common names for Type 2 include adult-onset diabetes and insulin-resistant diabetes. 

In type 2 diabetes (which due to a progressive insulin secretory defect on the background of insulin resistance), there are primarily associated with two interrelated.
*The pancreas does not produce enough insulin — a hormone that regulates the movement of sugar into your cells
*Cells respond poorly to insulin and take in less sugar.

Signs and symptoms are present, they may include:
*Increased thirst – It is necessary to remove excess sugar from the blood can result in the body losing additional water. This led to a person feeling more thirsty than usual.
*Frequent urination - When blood sugar levels are high, the body will extract fluid from tissues. This can lead to excessive thirst and a person needing to urinate more frequently.
*Increased hunger
*Unexplained/severe weight loss. When there is too little insulin, the body may start burning fat and muscle for energy.
*Fatigue and restlessness and body pain
*Blurred vision - An excess of sugar in the blood can damage the tiny blood vessels in the eyes, which can cause blurry vision.
*High levels of hyperglycaemia
*Slow-healing sores
*Frequent infections
*Numbness or tingling in the hands or feet
*Areas of darkened skin, usually in the armpits and neck
Sign and symptoms of diabetes type II

Coffee consumption may help reduce risk for Diabetes type II

Several large prospective studies have reported an inverse association between coffee consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus. High coffee consumption has been associated with better glucose tolerance and substantially lower risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in diverse populations in Europe, U.S., and Japan. The inverse associations between coffee intake and diabetes risk were stronger for decaffeinated coffee than for regular (caffeinated) coffee. 

The major diterpenes in coffee are cafestol and kahweol, which make up approximately 1% (wt:wt) of coffee beans. Both cafestol and kahweol increase insulin secretion and glucose uptake in muscle cells.

Cafestol is universally present in Coffea species. Researchers have found that cafestol – a bioactive compound present in coffee – increased insulin secretion, reduced fasting glucose levels, and improved insulin sensitivity in mice.

Previous studies have shown that moderate coffee consumption may prevent the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus and confirmed that caffeic acid and chlorogenic acid have the potential to decrease the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus.

The differentiation between filtered and boiled coffee may be relevant for risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus. It was observed that for the same amount of coffee, risk was lower for people who consumed filtered coffee.
Coffee consumption may help reduce risk for Diabetes type II

Type2 diabetes in Klinefelter syndrome

Klinefelter syndrome was first described in 1942 by Dr. Harry Klinefelter and colleagues in an endocrinology clinic at Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston, Massachusetts.

Men with Klinefelter syndrome are described as tall, slim, narrow shouldered, broad hipped with hypergonadotropic hypogonadism and small testes and recently the description had been expanded to include increased risk of the metabolism syndrome, type 2 diabetes and an unfavorably change in body composition.

Type 2 diabetes are more common in adolescents and adults with Klinefelter syndrome compared with the general population. Epidemiologic studies on Klinefelter syndrome have shown an increased risk of dying from diabetes or being admitted to the hospital with diabetes.
Type2 diabetes in Klinefelter syndrome

Obesity increases the risk for diabetes

Overweight and obesity have reached epidemic proportions globally along with an adoption of westernized lifestyle characterized by a combination of excessive food intake and inadequate physical activity.

About 2% excess in daily energy consumption can increase body weight by 22.7 kg within 10 years. The rapid growth promotes increased cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and cancer in adulthood.

The dramatic rise in the prevalence of obesity and changes in lifestyle related factors such as a reduction in physical activity have been accompanied by alarming increases in the incidence and prevalence of type 2 diabetes.

Being overweight or obese greatly increases the risk. Colditz (1990) 76 followed a cohort of 113,861 women aged between 30 and 55 years and reported a positive correlation between BMI and risk of diabetes type 2; over 90% of cases diabetes type 2 could be attributed to BMIs of ≥ 22 kg/m2, with the risk rising progressively with increasing BMI.

Earlier onset of diabetes type 2 is associated with a higher BMI, and increasing prevalence of overweight and obesity is the most important factor in the increasing number of younger people diagnosed with type 2-diabetes.

High waist circumference increases the risk of glucose intolerance and diabetes independent of the risk reflected by high BMI. Studies in China, the US and Finland have shown that diabetes can be prevented or delayed in people at high risk of diabetes through a combination of change in diet and lifestyle and modest weight loss.
Obesity increases the risk for diabetes

Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS)

Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS) is a life-threatening hyperglycemic complication of diabetes mellitus (DM), and common reason for admission to the intensive care unit.

The mortality rate is 5% to 20% in HHS. With worse outcomes at extremes of age and with the presence of coma, hypotension and sever comorbidities.

HHS is usually precipitated by inadequate insulin secretion or impaired cation associated with rising glucose levels, and is more commonly seen in patients with who have type 2 diabetes mellitus or no prior history of diabetes mellitus.

Thus, HHS can be defined by the presence of hyperglycemia (serum glucose less than 600 mg/DL) and (hyperosmolality (more than 320 mOsm/L) in the absence of significant ketonemia and academia.

Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is the closely related syndrome defined by the presence of hyperglycemia, ketonemia and acidemia.

Most patients who develop HHS are elderly, with decreased compensatory mechanism to maintain homeostasis in hyperosmolar states.

A major illness that mediates overproduction of glucose secondary to the stress response may contribute to the development of HHS. HHS is primarily a complication of type 2 diabetes but may also occur in type I diabetes.
Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS)

Obesity can cause diabetes type 2

Type 2 diabetes is also called adult-onset diabetes as the onset usually used to take place after the age of 40.

It is known that free fatty acids, which are often elevated in obese individuals, have been implicated as an important causative link between obesity, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes.

Elevated plasma free fatty acids clearly impaired the ability of insulin to stimulate muscle glucose uptake. Insulin must bind with receptors before glucose can enter the cells.

Many years before the development of Type 2 diabetes, individuals usually become overweight. This leads to insulin becoming less effective (insulin resistance) meaning that people with this condition have to produce more and more insulin to control their blood sugar.

Eventually the pancreas can no longer produce enough insulin and blood sugars begin to rise. This is the point at which Type 2 diabetes occurs. The best way to improve blood sugar levels in the early stages is by diet and exercise.

Treatment of type 2 diabetes begins with weight control through an individualized nutrition and exercise plan and can include oral glycemic agents or insulin replacement therapy. The goal of treatment for type 2 diabetes is the same as that of type 1: to maintain optimal blood glucose levels.
Obesity can cause diabetes type 2

Hyperglycemia and diabetes mellitus

Diabetes mellitus is a syndrome of altered carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism resulting from an absolute or relative deficiency of insulin resulting in hyperglycemia.

Accumulating evidence shows that excessive fluctuations in postmeal blood glucose levels (postprandial hyperglycemia) have adverse consequence for diabetes-related morbidity and mortality.

Good glycaemic control reduces the risk of vascular complications and prevention of postprandial hyperglycemia decrease the risk for both type 2 diabetes and CVD I individual with IGT.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus, formally called adult-onset diabetes is the most common type and accounts for over 90% of all cases of diabetes. Type 2 diabetes is characterized by insulin resistance relative insulin deficiency, and more gradual onset of hyperglycemia.

The classic symptoms of hyperglycemia are:
*Unusual thirst
*Frequent urination
*Fatigue extreme tiredness
*Persistent infections

Hyperglycemia occurs slowly and the blood sugar can rose to a fairly high level (about 300 mg/dl) before feeling the symptoms.
Hyperglycemia and diabetes mellitus

Obstructive sleep apnea

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a chronic disorder that is prevalent, especially in subjects with obesity or diabetes.

Obstructive sleep apnea is related to several metabolic abnormalities, including diabetes, insulin resistance, hypertension and cardiovascular disease. Obstructive sleep apnea causes periodic and frequent lapses in breathing during sleep. It is a potentially life-threatening condition.

As people with obstructive sleep apnea inhale, on occasion, the tissues in their throat close off the airways. Obesity can worsen the problem, as fat tissue narrows the airways even further.

The prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea in patients with type 2 diabetes has been reported as 23% to 36% and in patients with BMI greater than 35kg kg/m2, prevalence has been reported to be as high as 70%.

Higher apnea-hypopnea indexes in diabetic patients with obstructive sleep apnea are associated with poorer glucose control.

In patients with diabetes, obstructive sleep apnea may increase the risk for diabetic peripheral neuropathy perhaps due to increased oxidative stress and impaired microvascular regulation.
Obstructive sleep apnea

Healthy eating for diabetes type 2

Lifestyle strategies centered on healthy eating and physical activity are key to nutrition therapy for type 2 diabetes.  A healthy diet is so important for good health, to control diabetes and reduce diabetic risk.

Individuals with type 2 diabetes are often overweight and insulin resistance, so their treatment plane emphasis reduced energy intake and increased physical activity.

*Healthy eating principles should be involved partners and other family members too.

*Choose vegetables and fruit on regular basis. Drink juice sparingly.

*Total calorie intake should allow maintaining an ideal weight which, in turn, reduces insulin resistance.

*Don’t eat too much saturated fat. Try to limit daily intake of fat to 30% or less of total calories, with less than 7% from saturated fat.

*Meal and snacks should be eaten at the same time each day.

*Look after the vitamins and minerals in your foods

*Choose grain products such as whole grain bread, oatmeal or pasta.

*Avoid alcoholic drinks, regular soft drinks and fruit juices because these beverages are high in calories.

Healthy eating can help managing body weight and blood sugar level. It can also reduce risk of developing heart disease, high blood pressure and high cholesterol.

The secret to making eating and drinking with diabetes work is to learn about healthy eating in general and apply to own eating pattern, making changes that are achievable and if necessary, introducing new foods and ways of eating gradually.
Healthy eating for diabetes type 2 

What is diabetic nephropathy?

Diabetic nephropathy is major complication of type-2 diabetes mellitus. Over the last decade it has been shown that diabetic nephropathy clusters in type-2 families. It is a microvascular disease of the glomerulus (diabetic glomerulosclerosis).

Characteristically, diabetic nephropathy is associated with increased proteinuria, hypertension and progressive loss of renal function.

The pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy includes both metabolic and/or hemodynamic factors and renal hypertrophy (glomerular hypertension).

Diabetic nephropathy is generally considered to alter the chemical composition of the glomerular basement membrane and mesangium.

Diabetic nephropathy can occur in individuals with either type 1 diabetes or types 2 diabetes (1,2) and if left untreated frequently leads to progressive renal structural damage and end-stage renal disease.

The incidence and progression of diabetic nephropathy are related to metabolic control and blood pressure.

African Americans with diabetes mellitus are 3.2 – 5 times more likely to develop end-stage renal disease than Caucasians.

The pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy is closely related to long-standing hyperglycemia associated with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus.
What is diabetic nephropathy?

Diabetes and obesity

It is estimated that 60-90% of individuals who have type 2 diabetes are obese and it is the main factor driving the worldwide epidemic of the disease. However, not all individuals with type 2 diabetes are obese, and furthermore, most obese individuals will not develop type 2 diabetes.

The link between obesity prevalence and rates of diabetes in different populations was demonstrated with an increase in the prevalence of type 2 diabetes as the population becomes more obese.

Data from United States from the Health Professionals’ Follow-up Study in men and the Nurses’ Study in women shows the increasing risk of diabetes that obesity brings.

There are three major defects are found in type 2 diabetes: impaired insulin secretion; diminished insulin action in skeletal muscle, liver and adipose tissue; and excessive hepatic glucose production, secondary to hepatic insulin resistance.

Of these abnormalities insulin resistance is a characteristic feature that is commonly seen in both type 2 diabetes and obesity.
Diabetes and obesity

Type 2 Diabetes

In type 2 diabetes, high blood sugar happens when certain cells in the body are not able to use or burn the sugar fast enough. The cells in the body tissue become unable to respond properly (resistant) to insulin.

If the person has insulin resistance, muscle, fat and liver cells do not use insulin properly.

When these cells cannot use the sugar, then the sugar remains in the blood and reaches high levels. This means that the pancreas has to work harder to produce more insulin. The pancreas tries to keep up with the demand for insulin by producing more.

This also cause problem after a while, the cells in pancreas become worn out and are unable to produce insulin as effectively as they used to.

In the diabetes type 2, the lack of insulin in the blood after meal causes fat stores to be broken down to release more glucose, when it is not actually needed.

Not only this does increase blood sugar, but it also increases the level of lipids (cholesterol and other fatty substances) in the blood.

The major driver for type 2 diabetes is the increasing prevalence of overweight and obesity both in the developed and developing World. Insulin resistance tends to run in families, and therefore there is a genetic preposition to it.

Diabetes is also associated with a whole range of major long term complications, the most important of which is a significantly increased risk of cardiovascular events. Other main complications which can results from type 2 diabetes:
*Coronary heart disease and stroke
*Diabetic retinopathy – eye disease and cataracts
*Diabetic neuropathy
*Diabetic nephropathy
 Type 2 Diabetes

Caffeine and Type 2 diabetes

Caffeine is found in coffee, most non-herbal teas, most soft drinks and new energy drinks.

Researchers at Duke Medical Center in North Carolina found that caffeine interferes with blood sugar control, they found a strong correlation between caffeine intake at mealtime and increased glucose and insulin levels among people with type 2 diabetes.

Type 2 diabetes is a chronic disease with severe complications such as neuropathies, blindness, renal failure, amputations, stroke, heart disease and premature death.

However other studies show that drinking coffee as little as one cup of coffee daily reduced the risk of type 2 diabetes by 60 percent compared to people who never drank coffee.

This applied both to people with normal blood sugar as well as those with pre-diabetes. A study by Harvard researchers has found that those who are not diabetic who regularly drank coffee over the long term significantly reduced the risk of onset type 2 diabetes, compared to non-coffee participants.

The caution is that caffeine beverages can spike blood sugar for about thirty minutes after consuming them. 

In 2008 study published in Diabetes Care, researchers found that caffeine consumption exaggerated the rise in the blood sugar after meals: by 9 percent after breakfast, 15 percent after lunch and 26 percent after dinner.
Caffeine and Type 2 diabetes

Diabetes Type II Vitamin D Deficiency

Vitamin D deficiency appears to have a very plausible relationship to type II diabetes. It is needed to maintain adequate blood levels of insulin.

Vitamin D receptors have been found in the pancreas where insulin is made, and preliminary evidence suggests that supplementation may increase insulin secretion for some people with adult-onset (type 2) diabetes.

Research found that 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 deficiency inhibits the pancreatic secretion of insulin and that this effect is only partially dependent upon serum calcium levels. Diabetes is a chromic metabolism disorder characterized by hyperglycemia.

In type one diabetes, injection of insulin is mandatory because the beta cells of the pancreas produce no insulin, a hormone that moves sugar from blood to the cells. This an autoimmune disease, where immune system make antibodies to destroy islets cells that manufacture insulin.

In the case of type II diabetes, insulin may or may not be needed. It is characterized by impairment in insulin release as well as insulin resistance in muscles, fat cells and the liver. The research shows that vitamin D needed for pancreas to release insulin.

Diabetes Type II Vitamin D Deficiency